Основная статья Содержание
Аннотация
Современные таксономические модели личности (например, Большая Пятерка и HEXACO) достигли многого в определении ключевых, независимых друг от друга элементов – черт. Однако вопрос, почему состав этих моделей именно таков, ставится редко. Предлагаемая в данной работе гипотетическая модель TRASY-3 стремится восполнить этот пробел. TRASY-3 утверждает, что разнообразие черт в существующих таксономиях является продуктом сочетания трех «черт-ресурсов». Структура TRASY-3 определяет трехмерность каждого полюса любой черты традиционных таксономий личности. Предполагается, что полюс каждой черты личности (например, экстраверсия и интроверсия) образован конфигурацией трех ресурсов TRASY-3. Первый ресурс («возбуждение/торможение») характеризует варьирование поведения в диапазоне от возбуждения/импульсивности до торможения/саморегуляции. Второй ресурс («социальная приближенность/уединенность») характеризует варьирование от поведения, направленного в окружающую среду, и потому доступного для внешнего наблюдателя, до внутренних ментальных состояний, удаляющих индивида от окружающей среды, скорее переживаемых их носителем, и потому преимущественно скрытых от внешнего наблюдателя. Наконец, третий ресурс («социальная награда/наказание») характеризует социальное подкрепление или оценку, получаемую данным поведением или состоянием. В этом отношении полюса черт варьируют от награждаемых («положительных») до наказываемых («отрицательных») форм. В таком виде TRASY-3, в отличие от традиционных подходов, дает формальные, нерекурсивные определения любым чертам личности. Так, например, экстраверсия может определяться как «позитивная черта наблюдаемого возбуждения», а недобросовестность – как «негативная черта ментального возбуждения». TRASY-3 объясняет происхождение ряда классических проблем теории черт: сложную роль доброжелательности в Большой Пятерке и HEXACO, феномен мета-черт Стабильности и Пластичности, природу взаимосвязей черт Большой Пятерки с психологическими конструктами вроде креативности и Темной Триады. Указанные проблемы обсуждаются в статье, приводятся эмпирические свидетельства в поддержку TRASY-3.
Ключевые слова
Детали статьи
Литература
- Анохин П.К. Очерки по физиологии функциональных систем. М.: Медицина, 1975.
- Мерлин В.С. Очерк интегрального исследования индивидуальности. М.: Педагогика, 1986.
- Allport G.W., Odbert H.S. Trait-names: A psycho-lexical study // Psychological Monographs. 1936. V. 47(1). P. i-171. https://doi.org/10.1037/ h0093360
- Ashton M.C., Lee K. Empirical, theoretical, and practical advantages of the HEXACO model of personality structure // Personality and Social Psychology Review. 2007. V. 11(2). P. 150-166. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868306294907
- Back M.D., Schmukle S.C., Egloff B. Predicting actual behavior from the explicit and implicit self-concept of personality // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2009. V. 97(3). P. 533-548. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016229
- Bäckström M., Björklund F. Social desirability in personality inventories: The nature of the evaluative factor // Journal of Individual Differences. 2014. V. 35(3). P. 144-157.
- https://doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001/a000138
- Biesanz J.C. The social accuracy model of interpersonal perception: Assessing individual differences in perceptive and expressive accuracy // Multivariate Behavioral Research. 2010. V. 45(5). P. 853-885.
- https://doi.org/10.1080/00273171.2010.519262
- Cattell R.B. The principal trait clusters for describing personality. // Psychological Bulletin. 1945. V. 42(3). P. 129-161.
- https://doi.org/10.1037/h0060679
- Chamorro-Premuzic T. Creativity versus conscientiousness: which is a better predictor of student performance? // Applied Cognitive Psychology. 2006. V. 20(4). P. 521-531.
- https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.1196
- Chang L., Connelly B.S., Geeza A.A. Separating method factors and higher order traits of the Big Five: A meta-analytic multitrait–multimethod approach // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2012. V. 102(2). P. 408-426. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025559
- Costa P.T., McCrae R.R. Four ways five factors are basic // Personality and Individual Differences. 1992. V. 13(6). P. 653-665.
- https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(92)90236-I
- Cramer A.O.J., et al. Dimensions of normal personality as networks in search of equilibrium: You can’t like parties if you don’t like people // European Journal of Personality. 2012. Т. 26. № 4. С. 414-431. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.1866
- Deary I.J. The trait approach to personality // The Cambridge handbook of personality psychology. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009. P. 89-109. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511596544.009
- Denissen J.J.A., Penke L. Neuroticism predicts reactions to cues of social inclusion // European Journal of Personality. 2008. V. 22(6). P. 497-517. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.682
- De Raad B. The Big Five personality factors: The psychological approach to personality. Ashland, OH: Hogrefe& Huber Publishers, 2000.
- DeYoung C.G. Cybernetic Big Five Theory // Journal of Research in Personality. 2015. V. 56. P. 33-58.
- https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2014.07.004
- DeYoung C.G., Quilty L.C., Peterson J.B. Between facets and domains: 10 aspects of the Big Five // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2007. V. 93(5). P. 880-896.
- https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.93.5.880
- Eysenck H.J. Explanation and the concept of personality // Explanation in the Behavioural Sciences / R. Borger: Cambridge University Press, 1970. P. 387-410.
- Eysenck H.J. Dimensions of personality: 16, 5 or 3? Criteria for a taxonomic paradigm // Personality and Individual Differences. 1991. V. 12(8). P. 773-790. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(91) 90144-Z
- Eysenck S. B. G., Eysenck H. J. Impulsiveness and venturesomeness: Their position in a dimensional system of personality description // Psychological Reports. 1978. V. 43(3). P. 1247-1255. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1978.43.3f.1247
- Feist G.J. Creativity and the Big Two model of personality: plasticity and stability // Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences. 2019. V. 27. P. 31-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha. 2018.07.005
- Figueredo A.J., et al. Evolutionary theories of personality // The Cambridge handbook of personality psychology. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2009. P. 265-274.
- https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511596544.019
- Fleeson W., Jayawickreme E. Whole Trait Theory // Journal of Research in Personality. 2015. V. 56. P. 82-92.
- https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2014.10.009
- Galton F. Measurement of character. Fortnightly Review. 1884. V. 36(212), P. 179-185.
- Goldberg L.R. Language and individual differences: The search for universals in personality lexicons. Review of Personality and Social Psychology. 1981. V. 2(1). P. 141-165.
- Goldberg L.R. The structure of phenotypic personality traits // American Psychologist. 1993. V. 48(1). P. 26-34. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.48.1.26
- Hogan R., Foster J. Rethinking personality // International Journal of Personality Psychology. 2016. V. 2(1). P. 37-43.
- Jonason P.K., et al. What lies beneath the Dark Triad Dirty Dozen: Varied relations with the Big Five // Individual Differences Research. 2013. V. 11(2). P. 81-90.
- Jones D.N., Paulhus D.L. The role of impulsivity in the Dark Triad of personality // Personality and Individual Differences. 2011. V. 51(5). P. 679-682. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.04.011
- Karoly P. Goal systems and self-regulation: An individual differences perspective // Handbook of personality and self-regulation: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010. P. 218-242.
- https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444318111.ch10
- Leary T. Interpersonal diagnosis of personality; a functional theory and methodology for personality evaluation. Oxford, England: Ronald Press, 1957.
- Matthews G. Cognitive-adaptive trait theory: A shift in perspective on personality // Journal of Personality. 2018. V. 86(1). P. 69-82.
- https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12319
- McCrae R.R., John O.P. An introduction to the Five-Factor Model and its applications // Journal of Personality. 1992. V. 60(2). P. 175-215. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1992. tb00970.x
- McCrae R.R., Löckenhoff C.E. Self-regulation and the five-factor model of personality traits // Handbook of personality and self-regulation. Wiley-Blackwell, 2010. P. 145-168. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444318111.ch7
- Mischel W. The toothbrush problem: Presidential column // APS Observer. 2008. https://www.psychologicalscience.org/observer/the-toothbrush-problem
- Musek J. The general factor of personality. Academic Press, 2017.
- Nigg J.T. Annual Research Review: On the relations among self-regulation, self-control, executive functioning, effortful control, cognitive control, impulsivity, risk-taking, and inhibition for developmental psychopathology // Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 2017. V. 58(4). P. 361-383. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12675
- Norman D.A., Shallice T. Attention to action // Consciousness and Self-Regulation: Advances in Research and Theory Volume 4 / R. J. Davidson, G. E. Schwartz, D. Shapiro. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. P. 1-18.
- https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-0629-1_1
- Paulhus D.L., John O.P. Egoistic and moralistic biases in self‐perception: The interplay of self‐deceptive styles with basic traits and motives // Journal of Personality. 1998. V. 66(6). P. 1025-1060. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6494.00041
- Paulhus D.L., Williams K.M. The Dark Triad of personality: Narcissism, machiavellianism, and psychopathy // Journal of Research in Personality. 2002. V. 36(6). P. 556-563.
- https://doi.org/10.1016/S0092-6566(02)00505-6
- Paunonen S.V., Hong R.Y. On the properties of personality traits // APA handbook of personality and social psychology, Volume 4: Personality processes and individual differences. APA handbooks in psychology. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2015. P. 233-259. https://doi.org/10.1037/14343-011
- Peabody D., Goldberg L.R. Some determinants of factor structures from personality-trait descriptors // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1989. V. 57(3). P. 552-567. https://doi.org/ 10.1037/0022-3514.57.3.552
- Rauthmann J.F., Will T. Proposing a multidimensional machiavellianism conceptualization // Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal. 2011. V. 39(3). P. 391-403.
- https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2011.39.3.391
- Reiter-Palmon R., Illies J.J., Kobe-Cross L.M. Conscientiousness is not always a good predictor of performance: The case of creativity // The International Journal of Creativity & Problem Solving. 2009. V. 19(2). P. 27-45.
- Rentfrow P.J., Gosling S.D. Putting personality in its place: A geographical perspective on personality traits // Handbook of personality: Theory and research, 4th ed. New York, NY: The Guilford Press, 2021. P. 824-836.
- Rentfrow P.J., Jokela M., Lamb M.E. Regional personality differences in Great Britain // PLoS ONE. 2015. V. 10(3). P. e0122245.
- https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0122245
- Rentfrow P.J., Jost J.T., Gosling S.D., Potter J. Statewide differences in personality predict voting patterns in 1996–2004 U.S. Presidential Elections. // Social and psychological bases of ideology and system justification / J.T. Jost, A.C. Kay, H. Thorisdottir. Oxford University Press, 2009. P. 314-347.
- Robins R.W., et al. Personality correlates of self-esteem // Journal of Research in Personality. 2001. V. 35(4). P. 463-482. https://doi.org/10.1006/ jrpe.2001.2324
- Saucier G. Recurrent personality dimensions in inclusive lexical studies: Indications for a Big Six structure // Journal of Personality. 2009. V. 77(5). P. 1577-1614. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2009.00593.x
- Shchebetenko S.A. The best man in the world: Attitudes toward personality traits // Психология. Журнал Высшей школы экономики. 2014. Т. 11. № 3. С. 129-148.
- Soto C.J., John O.P. The next Big Five Inventory (BFI-2): Developing and assessing a hierarchical model with 15 facets to enhance bandwidth, fidelity, and predictive power // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2017. V. 113(1). P. 117-143. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000096
- Strack F., Deutsch R. Reflective and impulsive determinants of social behavior // Personality and Social Psychology Review. 2004. V. 8(3). P. 220-247. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr0803_1
- Vazire S. Who knows what about a person? The self-other knowledge asymmetry (SOKA) model. // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2010. V. 98(2). P. 281-300.
- https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017908
- Wiggins J.S. An informal history of the interpersonal circumplex tradition // Journal of Personality Assessment. 1996. V. 66(2). P. 217-233.
- https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa6602_2
- Zuckerman M., et al. Five (or three) robust questionnaire scale factors of personality without culture // Personality and Individual Differences. 1991. V. 12(9). P. 929-941.
- https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(91)90182-B
Литература
Анохин П.К. Очерки по физиологии функциональных систем. М.: Медицина, 1975.
Мерлин В.С. Очерк интегрального исследования индивидуальности. М.: Педагогика, 1986.
Allport G.W., Odbert H.S. Trait-names: A psycho-lexical study // Psychological Monographs. 1936. V. 47(1). P. i-171. https://doi.org/10.1037/ h0093360
Ashton M.C., Lee K. Empirical, theoretical, and practical advantages of the HEXACO model of personality structure // Personality and Social Psychology Review. 2007. V. 11(2). P. 150-166. https://doi.org/10.1177/1088868306294907
Back M.D., Schmukle S.C., Egloff B. Predicting actual behavior from the explicit and implicit self-concept of personality // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2009. V. 97(3). P. 533-548. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0016229
Bäckström M., Björklund F. Social desirability in personality inventories: The nature of the evaluative factor // Journal of Individual Differences. 2014. V. 35(3). P. 144-157.
https://doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001/a000138
Biesanz J.C. The social accuracy model of interpersonal perception: Assessing individual differences in perceptive and expressive accuracy // Multivariate Behavioral Research. 2010. V. 45(5). P. 853-885.
https://doi.org/10.1080/00273171.2010.519262
Cattell R.B. The principal trait clusters for describing personality. // Psychological Bulletin. 1945. V. 42(3). P. 129-161.
https://doi.org/10.1037/h0060679
Chamorro-Premuzic T. Creativity versus conscientiousness: which is a better predictor of student performance? // Applied Cognitive Psychology. 2006. V. 20(4). P. 521-531.
https://doi.org/10.1002/acp.1196
Chang L., Connelly B.S., Geeza A.A. Separating method factors and higher order traits of the Big Five: A meta-analytic multitrait–multimethod approach // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2012. V. 102(2). P. 408-426. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025559
Costa P.T., McCrae R.R. Four ways five factors are basic // Personality and Individual Differences. 1992. V. 13(6). P. 653-665.
https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(92)90236-I
Cramer A.O.J., et al. Dimensions of normal personality as networks in search of equilibrium: You can’t like parties if you don’t like people // European Journal of Personality. 2012. Т. 26. № 4. С. 414-431. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.1866
Deary I.J. The trait approach to personality // The Cambridge handbook of personality psychology. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009. P. 89-109. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511596544.009
Denissen J.J.A., Penke L. Neuroticism predicts reactions to cues of social inclusion // European Journal of Personality. 2008. V. 22(6). P. 497-517. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.682
De Raad B. The Big Five personality factors: The psychological approach to personality. Ashland, OH: Hogrefe& Huber Publishers, 2000.
DeYoung C.G. Cybernetic Big Five Theory // Journal of Research in Personality. 2015. V. 56. P. 33-58.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2014.07.004
DeYoung C.G., Quilty L.C., Peterson J.B. Between facets and domains: 10 aspects of the Big Five // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2007. V. 93(5). P. 880-896.
https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.93.5.880
Eysenck H.J. Explanation and the concept of personality // Explanation in the Behavioural Sciences / R. Borger: Cambridge University Press, 1970. P. 387-410.
Eysenck H.J. Dimensions of personality: 16, 5 or 3? Criteria for a taxonomic paradigm // Personality and Individual Differences. 1991. V. 12(8). P. 773-790. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(91) 90144-Z
Eysenck S. B. G., Eysenck H. J. Impulsiveness and venturesomeness: Their position in a dimensional system of personality description // Psychological Reports. 1978. V. 43(3). P. 1247-1255. https://doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1978.43.3f.1247
Feist G.J. Creativity and the Big Two model of personality: plasticity and stability // Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences. 2019. V. 27. P. 31-35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha. 2018.07.005
Figueredo A.J., et al. Evolutionary theories of personality // The Cambridge handbook of personality psychology. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press, 2009. P. 265-274.
https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511596544.019
Fleeson W., Jayawickreme E. Whole Trait Theory // Journal of Research in Personality. 2015. V. 56. P. 82-92.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2014.10.009
Galton F. Measurement of character. Fortnightly Review. 1884. V. 36(212), P. 179-185.
Goldberg L.R. Language and individual differences: The search for universals in personality lexicons. Review of Personality and Social Psychology. 1981. V. 2(1). P. 141-165.
Goldberg L.R. The structure of phenotypic personality traits // American Psychologist. 1993. V. 48(1). P. 26-34. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.48.1.26
Hogan R., Foster J. Rethinking personality // International Journal of Personality Psychology. 2016. V. 2(1). P. 37-43.
Jonason P.K., et al. What lies beneath the Dark Triad Dirty Dozen: Varied relations with the Big Five // Individual Differences Research. 2013. V. 11(2). P. 81-90.
Jones D.N., Paulhus D.L. The role of impulsivity in the Dark Triad of personality // Personality and Individual Differences. 2011. V. 51(5). P. 679-682. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.04.011
Karoly P. Goal systems and self-regulation: An individual differences perspective // Handbook of personality and self-regulation: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010. P. 218-242.
https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444318111.ch10
Leary T. Interpersonal diagnosis of personality; a functional theory and methodology for personality evaluation. Oxford, England: Ronald Press, 1957.
Matthews G. Cognitive-adaptive trait theory: A shift in perspective on personality // Journal of Personality. 2018. V. 86(1). P. 69-82.
https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12319
McCrae R.R., John O.P. An introduction to the Five-Factor Model and its applications // Journal of Personality. 1992. V. 60(2). P. 175-215. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.1992. tb00970.x
McCrae R.R., Löckenhoff C.E. Self-regulation and the five-factor model of personality traits // Handbook of personality and self-regulation. Wiley-Blackwell, 2010. P. 145-168. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781444318111.ch7
Mischel W. The toothbrush problem: Presidential column // APS Observer. 2008. https://www.psychologicalscience.org/observer/the-toothbrush-problem
Musek J. The general factor of personality. Academic Press, 2017.
Nigg J.T. Annual Research Review: On the relations among self-regulation, self-control, executive functioning, effortful control, cognitive control, impulsivity, risk-taking, and inhibition for developmental psychopathology // Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 2017. V. 58(4). P. 361-383. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.12675
Norman D.A., Shallice T. Attention to action // Consciousness and Self-Regulation: Advances in Research and Theory Volume 4 / R. J. Davidson, G. E. Schwartz, D. Shapiro. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. P. 1-18.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-0629-1_1
Paulhus D.L., John O.P. Egoistic and moralistic biases in self‐perception: The interplay of self‐deceptive styles with basic traits and motives // Journal of Personality. 1998. V. 66(6). P. 1025-1060. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-6494.00041
Paulhus D.L., Williams K.M. The Dark Triad of personality: Narcissism, machiavellianism, and psychopathy // Journal of Research in Personality. 2002. V. 36(6). P. 556-563.
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0092-6566(02)00505-6
Paunonen S.V., Hong R.Y. On the properties of personality traits // APA handbook of personality and social psychology, Volume 4: Personality processes and individual differences. APA handbooks in psychology. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2015. P. 233-259. https://doi.org/10.1037/14343-011
Peabody D., Goldberg L.R. Some determinants of factor structures from personality-trait descriptors // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1989. V. 57(3). P. 552-567. https://doi.org/ 10.1037/0022-3514.57.3.552
Rauthmann J.F., Will T. Proposing a multidimensional machiavellianism conceptualization // Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal. 2011. V. 39(3). P. 391-403.
https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2011.39.3.391
Reiter-Palmon R., Illies J.J., Kobe-Cross L.M. Conscientiousness is not always a good predictor of performance: The case of creativity // The International Journal of Creativity & Problem Solving. 2009. V. 19(2). P. 27-45.
Rentfrow P.J., Gosling S.D. Putting personality in its place: A geographical perspective on personality traits // Handbook of personality: Theory and research, 4th ed. New York, NY: The Guilford Press, 2021. P. 824-836.
Rentfrow P.J., Jokela M., Lamb M.E. Regional personality differences in Great Britain // PLoS ONE. 2015. V. 10(3). P. e0122245.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0122245
Rentfrow P.J., Jost J.T., Gosling S.D., Potter J. Statewide differences in personality predict voting patterns in 1996–2004 U.S. Presidential Elections. // Social and psychological bases of ideology and system justification / J.T. Jost, A.C. Kay, H. Thorisdottir. Oxford University Press, 2009. P. 314-347.
Robins R.W., et al. Personality correlates of self-esteem // Journal of Research in Personality. 2001. V. 35(4). P. 463-482. https://doi.org/10.1006/ jrpe.2001.2324
Saucier G. Recurrent personality dimensions in inclusive lexical studies: Indications for a Big Six structure // Journal of Personality. 2009. V. 77(5). P. 1577-1614. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2009.00593.x
Shchebetenko S.A. The best man in the world: Attitudes toward personality traits // Психология. Журнал Высшей школы экономики. 2014. Т. 11. № 3. С. 129-148.
Soto C.J., John O.P. The next Big Five Inventory (BFI-2): Developing and assessing a hierarchical model with 15 facets to enhance bandwidth, fidelity, and predictive power // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2017. V. 113(1). P. 117-143. https://doi.org/10.1037/pspp0000096
Strack F., Deutsch R. Reflective and impulsive determinants of social behavior // Personality and Social Psychology Review. 2004. V. 8(3). P. 220-247. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327957pspr0803_1
Vazire S. Who knows what about a person? The self-other knowledge asymmetry (SOKA) model. // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 2010. V. 98(2). P. 281-300.
https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017908
Wiggins J.S. An informal history of the interpersonal circumplex tradition // Journal of Personality Assessment. 1996. V. 66(2). P. 217-233.
https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa6602_2
Zuckerman M., et al. Five (or three) robust questionnaire scale factors of personality without culture // Personality and Individual Differences. 1991. V. 12(9). P. 929-941.